Laboratory apparatus



J. J. MOJONNIER; LABORATORY APPARATUS. 7 APPLICATION min APR. 15. 1916. RENEWED JULY 7, 1920. 1,372,243.

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LABORATORY APPARATUS.

APPLlCATION FILED APR. 15, I916- RENEWED JULY 1. 1920.

Patented Magr. 22, 1921.

I. J. MOJONNIER.

LABORATORY APPARATUS.

APPLICATION FILED APR. 15. I916- nzuswsn mu 7, 1920. 1,372,243.-

Patented Mar. 22, 1921.,

4 SHEETS-SHEET 3- o 'anmb TENT OFFICE.

JULIUS JOHN MOJONNIER, OF OAK PARK, ILLINOIS, ASSIGNOR TO MOJ'ONNIER BROS. (70., OF PORTLAND, MAINE, A CORPORATION 05 MAINE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Mar. 22, 1921.

Application filed April 15, 1916, Serial No. 91,405. Renewed July 7, 1920. Serial No. 394,471.

To aZZ whom it may concern.

Be it known that I, JUmUs J. MoJoNNrnn, a citizen of the United States, residing at Oak Park, in the county of Cook and State of lllinois, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Laboratory Apparatus, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to new and useful improvements in laboratory apparatus of the character especially designed for carrying out and completing tests in liquid food products, such as the determination of total solids of milk and dairy products, and butter fat in milk or milk products, etc.

It is the object of the present invention to provide for the convenient and efficient handling of a multiplicity or plurality of tests simultaneously, so arranging the different elements of the apparatus that the surrounding conditions will be substantially the same and constant as to each element, with reference to temperature, vibrations and other conditions which, if varied, would effect the accuracy of the tests.

Yi'ith the above and other objects in view, as will be apparent, this invention consists in the construction, combination and arrangement of parts, all as hereinafter more fully described, claimed and illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein Figure 1 is a front elevation of an apparatus constructed in accordance with the present invention.

Fig. is a plan view thereof.

Fig. 3 is a rear elevation.

is a vertical section taken along line +l of Fig. 2, to show the interior 'L; iction oi one of the heating ovens.

Fig. 5 is a section along line 55 of Fig. and illustrates the construction andarment of the platform or table located rout of the ovens, and

6 is a fragmentary section along the of 6-6 of Fig. l to illustrate the adistinent whereby the level of thetables or )latforins are atjusted, and

1 i is an elevation of one of the table snip rting brackets.

n carrying out the present invention a 'rtme is provided which is divided into three sections, to wit. one center section and two end sect-ions. This frame is provided ith various adjustments whereby the level thereof may be regulated in order that constant conditions with relation to vibrations,

etc., may be maintained. Each end section of the frame carries an adjustable and removable platform extending horizontally from the front thereof, while the section itself supports a cooling chamber and a heating or drying oven. The cooling chambers of each end section of the frame are located adjacent to the central or medial section thereof in order that the temperature conditions created within or surrounding the cooling chambers may, as nearly possible, approximate the ten'iperature of the atmosphere surrounding said central or medial section. A chemical balance is mounted on the central or medial section of the frame and is therefore located between the end sections thereof, and naturallyis subjected to the same general conditions as the apparatus carried by the end sections.

The apparatus is designed particularly for carrying out two tests, viz., a test for determining the total solids of liquids or liquid food products, hereinafter known as a total solids test, and a test for determining the percentage of butter fat contained in milk or milk products, hereinafter known as fat test. F or a proper undentanding of the present aoparatus, it is essential that these tests be briefly described by merely enumerating the steps involved therein.

The total solids test consists in first w ighing a circular shallow dish a comparatively large diameter: secon placing a sample of the liquid in said crsh so that the liquid merely covers the bottom of the dish in a thin film, and weighing the dish and liquid: third, subjecting the dish and its contents to a temperature of 180 to 190 degrees centigradc, tiere y briskly boiling the film of liquid and causing the surface thereof to break or bubble; and z a result drive of]? the moisture in the liquid leaving a residue representing the solids in the liquid: fourth, subjecting the residue to a drying heat to finally and thoroughly remove all moisture which may be therein: fifth. cooling the residue to the temperature of the atn'icsphere surrounding the chemical balance: sixth, weighing the dish and the residue and finally comparing the weight of the residue with the weight of the sample, thus giving the percentage of total solins in the liquid.

The fat test consists in first mixing a known quantity of a milk product with certain chemicals which extract the fat in solution from the milk product: second, withdrawing the fat in solution, at the same time rapidly evaporating the, solvent therefrom, leaving a residue which constitutes the fat originally in the milk product: third, subjecting the residue thus obtained to the action of a drying heat: fourth, cooling the residue so heated to the temperature of the atmosphere surrounding the balance: fifth, determining the quantity of fat thus obtained and comparing this quantity with the original quantity of the milk product.

Inasmuch as speed as well as accuracy forms an important part of the commercial success of the tests briefly described, it is essential that the apparatus used in. carrying out these tests be a time saver in that all of the steps may be carried out by the same apparatus and as efficiently and quickly as possible.

Reference being had more particularly to the drawings, A. designates one end section of the frame and B the remaining end section, while C designates generally the medial portion of the frame which carries the chemical balance U above referred to, and which is located between the end sections A and B of the frame. Each end section comprises av base frame 10 composed of the space-d horizontal bars 10 which converge one toward the other to form the feet 11, which are located below the plane of the lower horizontal bar 10". Two of these base frames 10 constitute the supports for each of the end frame sections i or B, and are secured together by rectangular frame 12, which rests upon the upper bars 10. The feet 11 are pierced. by the setscrews 13, whereby the position of the feet with respect to the floor may be regulated to determine the level of the entire apparatus in order that the same may be adjusted to eliminate undue unnecessary vibrations.

Sockets 1%: pierce and are secured to the lower horizontal bar 10 of each frame 10 and receive the vertical frame sections 15 which extend to and through the frame 12, and the upper harizontal bar 10, where they enter and are secured by the unions 1r superposed above the frame 12. The sockets 14 are held by the bolts 16 which pass through the horizontal bar 10 and provide for the adjustment of the sockets relative to said bars, when desired. From this descrip tion it becomes apparent that the base frame comprises a unitary structure capable of all needed adjustments to accommodate the apparatus to the contour of the supporting structure; each base frame for each end'section A or B comprising two frames 10 connected to each other by the horizontal rectangular frame 12, the frames 10 each carrying two sockets 14, two vertical frame pieces 15 and two unions 1%.

The unions 1? of each base frame just 10 of each base frame.

described have threaded thereinto uprights 17 which, in combination, constitute the supporting structure of the end section upon which the apparatus directly rests, four uprights being provided for each end section A and B. At their upper ends the uprights 1'? terminate in the collars 18, which rest upon pins 19, transversely arranged in the uprights to support said collar, each collar having depressions 2O forthe reception of the projecting ends of the pins 19. The outer uprights 1'? have the collars 18 restingdirectly upon the pins 19, while the table 21 of the medial or central section C of the apparatus is provided with the extensions 22, which rest directly upon the pins 19 of the inner uprights 17, the collars of said inner uprights being superposed above the cooperating extensions 22 of the table 21 and rest upon said extensions. In other words, the arrangement is such t iat the outer uprights 17 of each end section A or B support only the apparatus carried by their particular section; while the inner uprights 17 of each section A or B support not only the apparatus of their particular section, but also one end of the table 21 of the medial or central section C, said table being provided with the projections 22, which are pierced by openings for the reception of the uprights 17 and which rest directly upon the pins 19. The collars 1Scarry a support or table 23, which is of a somewhat skeleton formation and which may, if desired, be formed integral with the said collars. The table 23 of the end section A supports and carries a cooling chamber M and a heating or dryingoven N, while the table 23 of the other end section B carries and supports a similar cooling chamber M and a drying or heating oven N. Along the rear edge of he table 23 are a plurality of vertical brackets 2a, which support the ovens aforesaid, there being two brackets at for the drying or heating ovens U N, and two brackets 24 for the cooling chamber M M, said brackets being spaced sufficiently to support the rear ends of the cooperating chamber M and oven N throughout the width thereof, so that the same may be held against movement. The end brackets 24 may, if desired, be secured to the upper terminals of the adjoining uprights 1?, as illustrated in Fig. 3. As an alternate construction, the brackets may be constructed in one section of material and be secured at their ends to the uprights 17; otherwise they are attached directly to the table 23. The for ward ends of the ovens M and N are supported by the brackets 25 secured to the forward edge of the table 23. These brackets 25 (Fig. 7 constitute a body 25 which rests upon table 23, and is secured thereto by the bolts 27 piercing the table 23, the bushing 26, and

the bushings 26 on the VII body A guide 25 is formed on one side of the body 25* and extends below the lower terminal of said body as at 23", so that the guide 25 rests directly upon the table '28, While the body 25 rests upon the bushing 26. These brackets are secured to the cha1nher and oven M and N in any suitable manner, or may be formed integral therewith as desired, either construction being prac tical and efficient. Each bracket 25 is alined With a bracket 24 along the rear edge of the table 23, and therefore the chamber and oven M and N are supported at their four corners, thus holding the same solid and substantial upon the table 28.

A platform or table 28 cooperates with each pair of ovens and chambers N and M N, and is supported directly in front thereof in the same horizontal plane as the bottoms of the ovens aforesaid. This table is supported upon a U-shaped frame or bracket 29, having the arms 29 extending at right angles to the base thereof. These arms 29 are designed to be received and rereciprocate in the guide openings 25 of the extreme end brackets 25, the medial or central brackets being located between the arms 29, as clearly SllOWD in Fig. 5. The medial or central brackets 25 have the guides 25 provided in the event that it should be desired or necessary to use a narrower frame or bracket 29, 2'. 0., one vith its arms 29 closer together. In this case the arms 29 are received in one of the end brackets 25, and the next adjacent central bracket or the other of the end brackets and the next adjacent central bracket 25, as the case may be. The arms 29 of the e -frame 29 extend rearivardly over the table 23 and under the elements M and I? carried thereby, after passing through the guide openings 25 of the brackets 25.

It is therefore manifest that the frame or bracket 9-9 is adjustable to and from the table 23 and the chamber and oven M and N, and may be positioned as necessitated by conditions. Vertical studs 30 are secured to the arms 29 of the frame or bracket 29 means of the bolts 31, and at their upper ends carry th table 28 which is secured rigidly thereto, the details of vihicl ivill be hereinafter described.

In order to regulate the level of the table 98 and to furtheraid in holding the frame or bracket. 29 from movement, the rear terminals of the arms 29 of the frame or bracket 29 have the angle irons 32 rigidly secured thereto by means of the bolts so that the arms 32 of the angle irons extend in a plane at right angles to the upper edges of the cooperating arms 29. A vertical set screw 34 is threaded into the horizontal arm 32 of the angle iron 3:2, and rests against the bottom of the adjacent oven. An ad justment of the set-screw 3a through the arm 82 permits the arms 29 of the frame or bracket 29 to be adjusted vertically or to be freed so that they may be l'eciprocated in the guide slots 25 of the brackets 25. hen the screws 34- are tightenec against the bottom of the cooperating oven M or N, the frame or bracket 29 is held from movement by the leverage exerted upon the arms 29 thereof 6).

The table 28 is rectangular in formation, and is rigidly secured as heretofore described to the frame or bracket 29 in the plane of the bottoms of the ovens M and N. Alined with the oven N, which is the heating or drying oven, a hot plate is set in the table 28, said hot plate being carried by an auxiliary plate which surrounds the hot plate and carries the same. The plate 36 is provided with hangers 3? formed from a bead 236 (Fig. depending from the'edges of the te 36. screws 39 pierce the horizontal tions of the hangers 37 and support the plate in such manner that the same may be adjusted vertically to properly aline the same with the plane of the plate 30. These hangers 37 are disposed upon each side of the plate and consequently entirely support the hot plate As will be see from -l. the dishes D may be heated upon the hot ate and slid. after an evaporation of the contents thereof, into the drying oven i1 Without raising them from the table 28, or Without any undue handling.

The end frame sections A and B are identical. and the app: tus secured thereto and carried thereby is likewise identical, except to the hot plate carried by the end section which is approximately the size of the auxiliary or carrying plate 36, which cooperates with the hot plate 35 of the end section A. This is due to the fact that under usual conditions the hot plate 35 supports and operates upon more dishes D than does the hot plate Otherwise the structures are identical in all particulars.

The chambers and ovens M and X, and M and I? are constructed, in so far as the casings concerned, identically, and hence a description of one will suffice for all. It will be noted that the ovens l? and N. as Well as the chambers M and M are identi cal to their construction in the details thereof, and hence a description of the mechanism of one vvill suffice for both. These ovens and chambers comprise a metal ll casi 4:0. rectangular cross-sectionally and longitudinally, except as to the forward or entrance end thereof, which is obliquely ar anged to the horizontal plane, as clearly illustrated in Fig. i. The rear end of the oven or chambers is provided with a transverse shoulder t ll.

adjacent to but spaced from the bottom of said casing. the shoulder being formed from the end. On each side of the casing and adjacent to the forward or door did is arranged to slide over tension 18 which is orificed entrance end thereof is a stud or projection 12, which is of a height equal to the height of the shoulder 41. The entrance end of the casing is obliquely arranged to the horizontal plane, that is to say the bottom of the casing extends beyond the top and the ends of the sides slope obliquely from the top to the bottom. The entire entrance end of the casing is surrounded by a bead the plane of which coincides with the plane of the entrance end. A bushing ll is medially formed from the top of the casing 40 adjacent to the forward edge thereof and carries a guide rod d5, which extends in a plane parallel to the entrance end aforesaid. A

the entrance end of the casing 40 by means of a racket 457 centrally carried by the upper edge of the door and provided with an er.-

to receive the rod d5. it is clear that gravity normally maintains the door 1-6 projected over the entrance end of the casing 10, while the same may be raised to reciprocate relative to the rod to open the entrance end of said casing, a lmob l9 being provided for this purpose. In the above particulars the ovens and cha .ibers M N ant M N are identical. The heating or drying ovens N and I? each carry a hot plate 50 on the shoulder and the projections or studs 42 thereof, said hot plate constituting what may be termed a secondary or false bottom for the oven, and rests in the plane of the table 28. By a consideration of Fig. d, it will be clear that the door 16, when closed occupies space of the casing a0 and the table 23. and to reduce this space to a minimum. in order that the dishes D may he slid thereacross from the table 28 to the hot plate 50, a directing plate 51 is mounted on the supports 52 on the interior of the casing d0, and is sustained by said studs in a plane with the hot plate 50 and table 28. Hence a dish I) may be readily slid over the space between the directing'plate 51 and the table 28, by reason of the fact that this space, due to the provision of the directingplate 51, is ap proximately only the thickness of the door 16. V

The interior mechanism of the chambers hi and M are identical. and dilfer only from the ovens l? and N in that a cooling plate, maintained at the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere, is provided in lieu of the hot plate 50. Inasmuch as the cooling chambers M. M constitute the subject matter of a separate application, filed simultaneously herewith, it is thought unnecessary to here describe thedetails of construction thereof. other than to say that after the dishes are removed from the heating or drying ovens N N they are immediately placed within the cooling chambers M,

vback from the tables 28, it

between the forward or entrance end r tained constantly at the temperature of the surrounding atmosphere by means of the coils 53, which surround all of the rear uprights 17 of both sections A and B, said coils being intercommunicating by means of a pipe 5%, these coils constituting a continuous pipe wound about the rear uprights 17 of the end sections A and B, through which fluid constantly flows, the flow of fluid through the coils bringing the temerature or the fluid to the temperature of the atmosphere surrounding the entire apiaratus. The fluid is conducted to the circulation plates of the cooling chambers M or M by means the connections described in detail in the co-pending' and simultaneously filed application heretofore referred to.

Mounted on the table 21 of the menial section C of the frame is a secondary table 55, upon which is mounted the chemical balance O, which-is of any desirable and suitable construction and formation. Inasmuch as this balance 0 is located between the two end sections A and B of the frame and set becomes manifest that the operator may occupy a position between the tables 28, directly chemical balance 0, and perform the various steps of the processes or tests with the apparatus carried by either of the end sections A or B, and be in a position to readily weigh them under constant conditions. By this construction, the speed with which the test can be carried out may be greatly increased as well as the maintenance of constant conditions under which the tests are performed. To increase this efficiency to a maximum, a plurality of switches S are provided along the forward edge of the table 21, one switch being provided to control the hot plate 35 of the end section A; one switch to control the hot plate 50 within the oven N of the end section A; one switch to control each of the similar elements mounted on the end section B; and an additional switch for controlling the blower and vacuum pump to be described.

Each end section A and B carries two rheostats R of any suitable construction, which are attached to the rear uprights 17 of such end sections above the coils 53 thereof. These rheostats control the current flow to and from the hot plates, so that the temperature maintained in the various hot plates may be readily regulated. After the rheostats R have been adjusted, it is merely necessary to operate the switches S to place the apparatus in condition for carrying out in front of the dishes and the tests and maintain the proper temperature for accomplishing these tests. The details of these rheostats form no part of the present invention, and consequently are not described in detail.

It is often essential to maintain the chambers M, M and ovens N, N under a vacuum and for this purpose a vacuum pump 56 is provided which is connected by a pipe 57 to the pressure indicator 58, after which it is connected to the horizontal pipe 59, which is provided with the suitable stop cocks 60, whereby the exhausting action of the vacuum pump may be regulated with respect to the individual chambers M, M or ovensN, N. This horizontal pipe 59 is connected by the auxiliary pipes 61 conveniently communicating with the ovens aforesaid by means of the extension pipes 62, which enter the ovens through the bottom thereof, where they exhaust the air and necessarily all of the moisture which may be within said ovens and chambers. A motor 63 operates the vacuum pump 56 as well as the exhaust fan 64, the utility of which will become apparent. It is seen from the foregoing that the stop cocks 60 are positioned in close proximity with respect to the switches S, and may be operated to put any one of said ovens under a vacuum whenever desired. The horizontal pipe 59 is connected by the individual leads 61 to each even, as heretofore described, andeach lead is provided with one of the stop cocks 60, whereby any one of them or all of them may be placed under a vacuum.

Inasmuch as volatile chemicals are used in carrying out the steps of the various tests, particularly ether and alcohol, it is particularly desirable that these vapors or gases be withdrawn, and for this purpose a hood 65, shown in dotted lines, is mounted over each table 28, and by its position collects the fumes, gases and vapors. To exhaust these, the exhaust fan 64 is provided and is connected by the pipes 66 to the under side of each table 28. These pipes terminate in the bushings 6'7 surrounding the openings 68 in the tables 28, adjacent to the hot plates 35, 35 These openings 68 are covered by the gratings 69, which, while they permit the gases to pass through, also support the prevent any dish from consequen ly dropping through the opening.

' In order to further determine the temperatures of the various hot plates, the ovens N and N have the thermometers 7 0 pierce the top thereof, said thermometers being set in the holders 71, located upon the hot plate 50, within the ovens N and N, so that the temperature of the interior of the oven may be readily determined at a glance. Similar thermometers 70? are located upon the hot plates 35 and 35"" and indicate the heat generated within said hot plates. Usual and It is necessary electrical connections are provided, which it is deemed unnecessary to de scribe at this time, because such connections are well known in the electrical art, the novelty hereof being in the arrangement, construction and function of the apparatus itself, the same being merely aided by the rheostats R, switches S and the connections between the same.

It is thought that the foregoing description makes clear the utility and functions of the present invention. The apparatus carried by the end section A is designed for performing a total solids test, while the apparatus carried by the end section B is designed for the performance of a fat test. manifest that all of the steps of the varlous tests may be accomplished by this compact, eflicient apparatus, without the operator or chemist leaving his position in front of the balance 0, it being possible for him to conduct any number of tests simultaneously, either of total solids or fats, or both, performing all of the steps without changing his position.

What is claimed is:

l. The combination with a table having an opening therein, of a hot plate cooperating with said table adjacent to said opening, an exhaust mechanism, and a connection between said exhausting mechanism and the opening aforesaid.

2. The combination with an opening therein, of a hot plate cooperating with said table adjacent to said opening, an exhaust mechanism, a connection between said mechanism and said opening, and a hood cooperating with said table.

The combination with a series of base frames of connections therebetween, levelin means on said base frames, and uprights secured thereto.

1. The combination with a series of independent base framcs, each comprising a plurality of bars merging at their ends in feet, connections between said frames, and uprights extending therefrom.

5. The combination with a series of base frames, each comprising a plurality of horizontal bars merging at their ends to form feet, a frame connecting said base frames, sockets carried by the bars and connecting frame aforesaid and uprights mounted in said sockets.

6. In a laboratory appa a table having 'atus, the combi nation with a plurality of uprights, of a supporting device cooperating with each upright, and tables provided with orificed portions for the reception of said uprights whereby said tables rest upon said supporting devices.

7. In a'laboratory apparatus, the combination with a plurality of uprights arranged in groups, of a table cooperating with each group of uprights, and a medial table exrights tending from one group of uprights to an other group, and being supported by the uprightsof both groups.

8. In a laboratory apparatus, the combination with a plurality of uprights arranged in groups, a supporting device cooperating with each upright, a table for each group of uprights cooperating with the supporting devices aforesaid, and a medial or central table extending from one group of uprights to the other group of uprights, and cooperating with and supported by the supporting devices of the uprights with which it cooperates.

9. In a laboratory apparatus, the combination with a plurality of uprights arranged in groups, ofa supporting device upon each upright, and a table extending from one group of uprights to the other group of uprights provided with orificed extensions adapted to receive said uprights and rest upon the supporting devices of said upwith which it cooperates.

10. in a laboratory apparatus, the combination with a plurality of uprights arranged in groups, of a supporting device on each uprignt, a table extending from one group of uprights to the other group, and orificed extensions on said table for the reception of a portion of the uprights of each group, said extensions adaptedto rest upon the support ing devices of the uprights with which they cooperate.

11. In a laboratoryapparatus, the com ination with a plurality of uprights arranged inv groups, of a supporting device on each upright, and a table individual to each group of uprights.

12. In a laboratory apparatus, the combination with a plurality of uprights arranged in groups, of a supporting device on each upright, and a table individual to each group of uprights provided with collars for the reception of said uprights. I

13. In a laboratory apparatus, the combination with a plurality of uprights arranged in groups. of a supporting device on each upright, and a t2 ble individual to each group of uprights provided with collars for the reception of said uprights, said collars resting on the supporting devices of a portion of the uprights of said group, and upon tie collars cooperating with the remaining uprights of said group.

14. In a laboratory apparatus, the combination with a plurality of uprights arranged in groups, of a table carried by each group of uprights, a medial table extending from one group of uprights to the other and supported'by a number of'the uprights of each group, and apparatus supported by the medialtable for direct cooperation with the apparatus of the remaining tables.

15. In a laboratory apparatus, the 001m of, a U-frame,

bination with a supporting structure, of casings carried thereby, a table carried by said supporting structure in front of said casing, and means whereby the casings and said table occupy a common plane.

16. In a laboratory apparatus, the combination with a supporting structure, chambers carried thereby, said chambers being provided with an internal supporting apparatus, of a table carried by said supporting structure and located in front of said chambers, said table and supporting apparatus of said chambers resting in the same plane.

17. In a laboratory apparatus, the combination with a supporting structure, of a table carried thereby, chambers carried by said table, each chamber being provided with an internal supporting apparatus, a second table cooperating with said support ing structure and occupying the same plane as the supporting apparatusof said chambers.

18. In a laboratory,apparatus, the combination with a supporting structure, of a plurality of guide brackets carried thereby, U-i rame mounted for reciprocation relative to said brackets, and a tablecarried by said frame.

19. In a laboratory apparatus, the combination with a supporting structure, of guide brackets carried along one side thereof, a U-frame, the arms of which pass through said guide brackets and extend toward the opposite side of said structure, and a table carried by and superposed above said U-frame.

20. In a laboratory apparatus, the combination with a supporting structure, of guide brackets carried along one side therethe arms of which pass through said guide brackets and extend toward the opposites'ide of said structure, means of adjustment and support cooperating with the free ends of the arms of said U-frame, and 'a table carried by said .U-frame.

21. In a laboratory apparatus the combination with a supporting structure, of guide brackets carried along one side there of, a U-i rame, the arms of which pass through said guide brackets and extend toward the opposite means of adjustment and support cooperating with the free ends oi the arms of said U-frame, and a table carried by said U-frame, and superposed above said frame.

22. The combination with a supporting structure, of a plurality of guide brackets carried thereby, arms mounted for movement in said bracket, and bolts cooperating with the free ends of said arms for supporting and adjusting the same.

' JULIUS J OHNMOJ ONNIER' side of said structure, 

